Cibiyar Tarihi ta tsohuwar Valladolid tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi dacewa a Mexico, duka don mahimmancin tarihin gine-ginenta da kuma tsarin gine-ginensu da al'adunsu. Nemi karin bayani game da tarihinta anan.
Da Cibiyar Tarihi na Morelia Yana ɗayan mafi dacewa a cikin Meziko, duka saboda mahimmancin tarihin da ya zo daga gare ta zuwa ƙasar, kuma saboda ƙimarta. A saboda wannan dalili, an dau matakan kariya na shari'a na lokaci mai tsawo, wanda duk da gazawar da aka samu a aikace-aikacensu, ya ba da gudummawa wajen kiyaye manyan abubuwan tarihi a cikin babban kashi.
Ban da wasu yankan rago da buɗe tituna, musamman a yankunan da ke kusa da tsofaffin majami’un, waɗanda suka faru a karnin da ya gabata saboda Dokokin Gyara, ana kiyaye Cibiyar Tarihi sosai da tsara birane. A zahiri, wannan yanki shine wanda tsohon Valladolid ya mamaye a ƙarshen karni na 18, wanda aka tsara fasalin sa a cikin kyakkyawan shirin da aka tsara ta umarnin mai ba da umarni Miguel La Grua Talamanca y Branciforte, a cikin 1794.
Dangane da iyakancewar wannan yanki na birane na dā, wanda ya dace da mulkin mallaka, an ba da ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodin kariya. Misali, ka'idoji don adana yanayin mulkin mallaka na birni na Morelia wanda aka gabatar a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta, 1956 tare da halin jihar, Dokar Shugaban kasa, wacce gwamnatin tarayya ke ayyana Tarihin Tarihi na Morelia wani yanki na Tarihin Tarihi, sanya hannu ta Shugaban Jamhuriyar, Carlos Salinas de Gortari, a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1990 kuma aka buga a cikin Jaridar Gwamnati a ranar 19 na wannan watan. A ƙarshe, sanarwar hukuma game da UNESCO, game da abin da ke cikin al'adun Duniya, a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 1991.
Wannan yana nuna babban mahimmancin al'adu wanda Cibiyar Tarihi ta Morelia ke da shi. Ba za mu iya yin watsi da hakan ba a ƙarshen lokacin mulkin, lokacin da Valladolid wani ƙaramin birni ne wanda ba shi da yawa a cikin mazauna 20,000, yana da manyan kwalejoji guda huɗu tare da manya-manyan gidajensu, masu faɗi da kyau, waɗanda suke: Kwalejin Seminary ta Tridentine; Kwalejin San Nicolás Hidalgo; wanda ya kasance Colegio de Los Jesuítas da Colegio de Las Rocas don 'yan mata. Hakanan, ba zai zama ƙari ba idan aka ce a lokacin Samun 'Yanci ya kasance, a siyasance, birni mafi natsuwa da tunani a cikin New Spain. Anan ne hasken farko na Janarissimo Dokta José Maria Morelos, wanda sunan mahaifinsa ya rikide zuwa nasara mai nasara ya gaji garin a matsayin suna daga dokar Majalisar Tarayya a cikin 1828. Hadisin rikice-rikicen zamantakewar da ke aiki har zuwa yau wanda, a wata hanya, akai-akai tana bayyana kanta a cikin zuciyar Cibiyar Tarihi, don girmamawa da masifa; girmamawa shine lamiri na dindindin na ci gaba da tsayawa Iucha, amma abin takaici shine cewa, tsawon shekaru da yawa, musamman damuwar ɗalibai ko burin samun adalci na zamantakewar al'umma, an bayyana su da abin da ake kira "pints" ko kalmomin da aka rubuta ba tare da bambanci ba a kan abubuwan tunawa ko duk abin da gini, wanda ke cutar da su kuma yana haifar da dalilai ko dalilai da suka cancanci juyayi ya zama abin ƙyama ko abin zargi.
WASU TARIHI
An kafa Morelia a matsayin garin hukuma a ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1541 ta hanyar umarnin Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza, yana kiranta Guayangareo, sunan Valladolid an ba shi ɗan lokaci daga baya, a rabi na biyu na ƙarni na 16, da kuma taken birni da gashi na makamai. Ana la'akari da cewa mahimmancinsa a matsayin yawan jama'a ya fara haɓaka daga 1580, lokacin da babban cocin Michoacán da hukumomin farar hula suka ƙaura zuwa wurin daga Pátzcuaro, wanda ya yi hakan a 1589.
CIGABA DA SAMUN KYAUTA
A lokacin karni na sha bakwai ci gabanta ya fara kuma ya ƙaru; a farkon, manyan abubuwan ibada biyu na San Francisco da San Agustín an kammala su; a tsakiya, na El Carmen da La Merced, da kuma wasu majami'u kamar La Compañía, San Juan da la Cruz, amma, sama da duka, a cikin 1660 aka fara ginin babban cocin na yanzu, wanda ya zama kamfanin gine-ginen addini na tsofaffi rabbai a lokacin sun fara a duk fadin kasar. Wurin babban haikalin ya bayyana yadda aka tsara da kuma rarraba wurare a cikin biranen, tare da amfani da hikima da kuma keɓaɓɓen abin da ake kira "ɓangaren zinare", wanda ya raba tsakiyar garin zuwa murabba'ai biyu marasa daidaito amma masu jituwa; mafi girma tare da mashigai, mafi ƙanƙanta tare da bango, amma ba tare da ƙofofi ba, a haɗe da rhythms na babban asali. Koyaya, babban haɓakar gini da babban fruita fruitan itace, ya faru a ƙarni na 18; daga gareshi suna da mafi ƙarancin tarihi da kuma abubuwan tarihi waɗanda a yau suke ƙawata da girmama garin, na addini da na farar hula.
A tsakiyar wannan karnin, an kafa kuma an gina manyan mataye-mataye guda uku: Las Rocas, Las Monjas da Capuchinas; wani na friars, na San Diego; wasu coci-coci guda biyar, gami da babba wanda aka keɓe wa San José da rabin dozin majami'un sakandare.
A cikin 1744 an kammala facades da manya manyan hasumiya na babban cocin. Hakanan karni ne na mafi yawan ƙawancin gine-ginen farar hula, yana bayyana kansa a cikin kyawawan gine-ginen ilimi da na gwamnati, kamar Kwalejin Seminary (a yau gidan gwamnati), Kwalejin Jesuit (a yau Clavijero Palace) da Colegio de San Nicolás. , Las Casas Reales (a yau gidan sarauta na birni), La Alhóndiga (a yau an faɗaɗa Fadar Mai Shari'a), tare da dogayen fadoji da manyan gidaje.
Kamar yadda irin wannan babban ci gaban ya buƙaci sabis na jama'a, an kawata dandalin da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa kuma tsakanin 1785 da 1789, tare da motsa rai da karimci na Bishop Fray Antonio de San Miguel, an gina katafaren gidan wasan ruwa mai tsawon mita 1700 da kuma mita 250. da baka uku.
Jim kaɗan kafin samun 'Yanci, garin yana da mazauna kusan dubu ashirin.
A lokacin karni na Dokokin sake fasalin dokokin, an gina kadan daga yanayin addini kuma an lalata ayyuka marasa adadi, amma a daya bangaren, a wannan lokacin, gidajen neoclassical suna ninkawa wadanda aka samar dasu cikin kwanciyar hankali kusa da tsofaffin gidajen sarauta na mulkin mallaka. kamar yadda yake nuni da sake fasalin kasa da daidaiton zamantakewar da ake so a wancan lokacin.
A ƙarshen karni, an gina gine-gine masu mahimmanci kamar sabon Seminary na Tridentino, kusa da Cocin San José, da Makarantar Teresiano (Fadar Tarayya ta yau), duka waɗanda Don Adolfo Tremontels ke jagorantar, tare da salon neoclassical wanda aka tsara shi da enarin yanayin da ya fi na baroque na gargajiya na birni. Yayin da wannan jerin kera yake tarawa, birni ya wadata; Sai kawai a cikin cibiyarta mai tarihi, Morelia tana da manyan murabba'ai goma, kusan murabba'i biyar da kusurwa da yawa tare da maɓuɓɓugan jama'a waɗanda, kamar wuraren buɗe ido, suna nuna alamun tituna da unguwanni, waɗanda suke kusan majami'u ashirin da majami'u na lokacin. viceregal, daga cikinsu akwai manyan gidajen sarauta da manyan gidaje.
Ba lalatawa an riga an gina ba, kuma adana hanya ce ta sake sakewa; A wannan yunƙurin, Morelia na neman gudummawarta, tunda ɗayan halayen lamiri, na ɗabi'a na zamani, shine na girmama al'adun da aka gada. Wannan shi ne nauyin da Dokar Tarayya ta Kare don Tarihin Tarihin Tarihi na Morelia, inda ba a lissafa ko kuma aka haɗa da ƙasa da gini 1,113, mai nuna babban arzikin da har yanzu birnin ke da shi.
HALAYAN URBAN
Layin farko, wanda aka yi a karni na goma sha shida, ya sauko mana kusan, yana yin tsada na Renaissance na yau da kullun kamar oda, ɓarnatarwa da wuraren hangen nesa waɗanda ke buɗewa zuwa murabba'i kuma suna faɗawa cikin tituna ba tare da tsoron ci gaba ba. Don lokacinta, birni yana da karimci sosai; Tun da farko tana da tituna masu faɗi da kuma murabba'ai masu faɗi, tare da irin wannan ɓarnar sararin samaniya wanda ci gaban ta daga baya baiyi komai ba sai dai bayar da amsoshi tare da girmamawa ga abin da aka tsara kuma aka hango daga jirgin sa.
Umurni ba tare da ƙwarin gwiwa ba yana jagorancin tituna, layin wutar lantarki wanda, yayin da yake faɗaɗa sassauƙan tsaunukan tsaunin, ya ɓata yanayin geometric ya kuma dace da su, ba ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba amma ta "Organic", za mu ce a yau. Wannan layin, wanda da alama ana zana shi "da hannu," kuma ba tare da mai mulki ba, yana daidaita hanyoyin titunan da suke juyawa a hankali, yana mai da jiragen sama masu tsaye kamar kayan kwalliyar kwance wanda yake tallafa musu.
Wannan jituwa tsakanin tsari da daukaka, wanda aka ji da hikima, an haɓaka shi ta wata hanya mai ma'ana tare da ƙoƙari don ja da baya ga kyawawan manyan gine-gine, ɗaga darajarsu ko abubuwan farko kamar facades, hasumiya da ƙauyuka. An sami wannan ta hanyar jagorancin ra'ayoyin tituna zuwa gare su, niyyar da ta riga ta fara kwayar cuta a titunan da ke haifar da faren San Francisco da gefen San Agustín. Daga baya, an inganta wannan maganin kuma an yi shi da cikakkiyar girmamawa ta Baroque dangane da babban misalin da aka sanya ta wurin sanya babban cocin, wanda aka fara a shekarar 1660, ya gano ainihin tushensa ba dangane da filin ba, amma tare da tituna biyu da ke kai shi , ta wannan hanyar da babban façade da apse ya katse, a lokaci guda da suka cika manyan ra'ayoyi. Bayan Cathedral, majami'u da yawa, daga cikakken zamanin Baroque, musamman a cikin karni na 18, sun canza layin Renaissance mai sauƙin canzawa kuma suka maida shi Baroque cikin hikima, suna ƙirƙirar abubuwan mamaki ta gani ta hanyar canza hanyoyin titi. cewa an gina wasu coci-coci ta wata hanyar da, ta canza fasalin asali kaɗan, ko kuma ta hanyan katse shi a wasu lokuta, fuskokin, wasu facades na gefe, hasumiyoyi da gidaje, an tashe su ta yadda za su fito gaban mai wucewa, ra'ayoyi masu rarrabuwar kai. A yau abu ne na musamman ga Morelia, kodayake ba keɓaɓɓe ba ne, daidaituwar ma'amala ta tsarin gine-ginen ta wanda ke kan layin gama-gari.
Ra'ayoyin da, daga budewa da kyauta, suka kasance masu nutsuwa, kebantattu kuma suke da nutsuwa da kwanciyar hankali na ciki.
Don haka, fuskokin haikalin kamar su Cathedral, San Francisco, ƙofar gefen San Agustín, babban facade da ƙofar gefen San José, Las Rosas, Guadalupe da Cristo Rey, sun ƙare titunan.
Titunan Morelia ba wai kawai suna fuskantar taurin tsaye ba ne, kuma ba sa zigzag ko karya doka ba, sai dai suna da wata manufa da gangan, dabaru iri-iri na birane da ba su bar komai ba. tsakiyar tsakanin monotony da picturesque.
SIFFOFIN GARI
Wataƙila fasalin fasahar da ta fi burge baƙon zuwa Morelia ita ce haɗin kan da take bayarwa. A duban farko, birni kamar anyi shi ne ta hanya daya; kawai idan aka lura da gine-ginensa daban-daban za a iya yaba da tarin ɗimbin zamani da salon da suka samar da shi, aka kafa kuma aka zana ta hanyar ƙa'idar da ke tattare da umarni ta hanyar kayan gini: ma'adanan. Anan salon suna da alama sun samo asali ne a matsayin bayyanannun lokuta, amma suna haɓaka abubuwan da suka wuce kima.
A yau, lokacin da birane da yawa suka canza suna gabatar da sabani mai tashin hankali, wannan ya cika kyakkyawar yanayi na "haɗin kai iri-iri" ya zama abin birgewa, wanda ya ba Morelia fifiko da ikon mallaka, ta hanyar, kabari da talauci.
Babban birni, amma an ɗan yi ado da shi, na tsarin tsari tare da cikakken fifiko ga girma biyu. Ya isa ganin Cathedral, inda pilaster ya yi mulki a kan shafi da kuma sassauƙa a kan babban sassaka. A waje kaɗai, wannan Cathedral yana da pilasters sama da ɗari biyu kuma ba shafi ɗaya ba, lamarin da ba a saba da shi ba tsakanin manyan coci-cocin viceregal.
Saƙƙarfan ɗaukaka ya kasance mai ladabi, yana ba da fifiko ga kyakkyawar ƙawa da nutsuwa game da wadatar kayan ado, ɗanɗano da ƙa'idodin da aka miƙa zuwa birni, inda aka zaɓi yanayin daidaituwa maimakon na alfarwa.
Wannan ita ce Morelia, wacce mafi girman cancanta da halayya mafi ƙarfi ta ta'allaka ne, ba tare da wata shakka ba, a cikin sanin sanin yadda za a daidaita zamani da salo daban-daban, a cikin nutsuwarsa na hankali, ba tare da ƙin yarda da ƙiyayya ko sauƙin miƙa wuya ba, cikin ƙarfin haɗakarwa, wanda ke riƙe da abin da ta ɗauka shi ne. dace, amma yana ba da izinin wucewa abin da ba a gano shi da ma'anarsa ta filastik mai sharaɗi ta ƙarni ba.
