Fray Bernardino de Sahagún za a iya ɗauka a matsayin babban mai bincike na duk abin da ya shafi al'adun Nahua, yana sadaukar da rayuwarsa duka don tattarawa da kuma rubuce-rubuce na al'adu, halaye, wurare, ɗabi'u, alloli, yare, kimiyya, fasaha, abinci, zamantakewar jama'a, da dai sauransu. na abin da ake kira Mexica.
Ba tare da binciken Fray Bernardino de Sahagún ba da mun rasa babban ɓangare na al'adunmu.
RAYUWAR JUMA'A BERNARDINO DE SAHAGÚN
An haifi Fray Bernardino a Sahagún, masarautar León, Spain tsakanin 1499 da 1500, ya mutu a Mexico City (New Spain) a 1590. Sunan mahaifinsa Ribeira kuma ya canza shi da na garinsu. Ya yi karatu a Salamanca kuma ya isa New Spain a 1529 tare da Friar Antonio de Ciudad Rodrigo da wasu ‘yan’uwa 19 daga Order of San Francisco.
Yana da kyakkyawar halarta, kamar yadda Fray Juan de Torquemada ya ce wanda ya ce "tsoffin addinan sun ɓoye shi daga ganin mata."
Shekarun farko na gidansa sun kasance a Tlalmanalco (1530-1532) sannan kuma ya kasance mai kula da gidan zuhudu na Xochimilco kuma, daga abin da ake tsammani, kuma wanda ya kafa shi (1535).
Ya koyar da Latinidad a Colegio de la Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco tsawon shekara biyar tun daga kafuwarta, ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1536; kuma a cikin 1539 ya kasance mai karatu a gidan zuhudu da ke haɗe da makarantar. An sadar da shi zuwa ayyuka daban-daban na Umurninsa, ya bi ta kwarin Puebla da yankin dutsen mai aman wuta (1540-1545). Ya koma Tlatelolco, ya kasance a gidan zuhudu daga 1545 zuwa 1550. Ya kasance a Tula a 1550 da 1557. Ya kasance mai bayyana lardin (1552) kuma baƙo ne na tsarewar Bishara Mai Tsarki, a Michoacán (1558). Canzawa zuwa garin Tepepulco a 1558, ya kasance a wurin har zuwa 1560, ya sake wucewa a 1561 kuma zuwa Tlatelolco. A can ya tsaya har zuwa 1585, shekarar da ya tafi ya zauna a gidan zuhudu na Grande de San Francisco a cikin garin Mexico, inda ya kasance har zuwa 1571 ya sake komawa Tlatelolco. A 1573 yayi wa'azi a Tlalmanalco. Ya sake bayyana ma'anar lardi daga 1585 zuwa 1589. Ya mutu yana da shekara 90 ko kuma fiye da haka, a cikin Grande Convent na San Francisco de México.
SAHAGÚN DA HANYOYIN BAYYANA
Tare da suna a matsayin mai lafiya, mai ƙarfi, mai aiki tuƙuru, mai hankali, mai hankali da ƙauna tare da Indiyawa, bayanan kula biyu suna da mahimmanci a cikin halayensa: ƙarfin hali, wanda aka nuna a cikin shekaru goma sha biyu na gagarumar ƙoƙari don tallafawa ra'ayinsa da aikinsa; da rashin tsammani, wanda ke ba da damar yanayin tarihinta tare da tunani mai ɗaci.
Ya rayu a lokacin canji na al'adu biyu, kuma ya iya fahimtar cewa Mexico za ta ɓace, Bature ya mamaye shi. Ya shiga cikin rikitarwa na asalin asalin ƙasa tare da ƙarfin hali, kame kai da hankali. Kishinsa a matsayin mai wa'azin bishara ya motsa shi, tun da yake ya sami wannan ilimin, ya yi ƙoƙari sosai don yaƙar addinin arna na asali da kuma sauƙin sauyawa 'yan ƙasar zuwa ga imanin Kristi. Ga rubutattun ayyukansa a matsayin mai wa'azin bishara, masanin tarihi da kuma masanin harshe, ya basu siffofi iri-iri, gyara, fadada da rubuta su a matsayin littattafai daban. Ya yi rubutu a cikin Nahuatl, yaren da ya mallaka daidai, kuma a cikin Spanish, yana ƙara Latin a ciki. Daga 1547 ya fara bincike da tattara bayanai game da al'adu, imani, zane-zane da al'adun tsoffin mutanen Meziko. Don aiwatar da aikinsa cikin nasara, ya ƙirƙira kuma ya ƙaddamar da hanyar bincike ta zamani, wato:
a) Ya yi tambayoyi a cikin Nahuatl, ta yin amfani da ɗaliban da suka ci gaba na Colegio de la Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco a cikin “romance”, wato, a Latin da Spanish, yayin da suke ƙwararru a Nahuatl, harshensu na asali.
b) Ya karanta wa] annan tambayoyin tambayoyin ga Indiyawan da ke jagorantar unguwanni ko bangaranci, wa indanda suka turo masa tsofaffin indan asalin whoan asalin da suka ba shi taimako mai ƙima kuma an san su da Masu Ba da Bayanin Sahagún.
Waɗannan masu ba da bayanin sun fito ne daga wurare uku: Tepepulco (1558-1560), inda suka yi Tunawa da Farko, Tlatelolco (15641565), inda suka yi taron Tunawa da scholiya (duka nau'ikan biyu suna da abin da ake kira Matritenses Codices); da La Ciudad de México (1566-1571), inda Sahagún ya yi sabon juzu'i, wanda ya cika cikakke fiye da na baya, koyaushe tawagarsa ta ɗalibai daga Tlatelolco ke taimaka masa. Wannan tabbataccen rubutu na uku shine Babban tarihin abubuwan New Spain.
LOKACHIN KADDANAR AYYUKANSA
A shekara ta 1570, saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki, ya gurguntar da aikinsa, ana tilasta masa rubuta taƙaitaccen Tarihinsa, wanda ya aika zuwa ga Majalisar Indiya. Wannan rubutun ya ɓace An sake aika wani kira zuwa Paparoma Pius V, kuma ana ajiye shi a cikin Vatican Secret Archives. An yi masa taken A Taƙaice Taron Hadaddiyar Rana masu bautar gumaka waɗanda Indiyawa na Sabon Spain suka yi amfani da su a lokacin rashin amincinsu.
Dangane da rikice-rikicen da ke tattare da wannan Dokar, Sarki Felipe na II ya ba da umarnin tattarawa, a cikin 1577, duk juzu'i da kwafin aikin Sahagún, yana tsoron cewa 'yan asalin za su ci gaba da bin abin da suka yi imani da shi idan an kiyaye su a cikin yarensu. . Cika wannan umarni na ƙarshe, Sahagún ya ba mafificin sa, Fray Rodrigo de Sequera, sigar cikin yarukan Spanish da Mexico. Wannan sigar Uba Sequera ne ya kawo shi Turai a 1580, wanda aka fi sani da Manuscript ko Kwafi na Sequeray kuma yana da alaƙa da Code na Florentine.
Tawagarsa ta daliban masu jin harsuna uku (Latin, Spanish da Nahuatl) sun hada da Antonio Valeriano, daga Azcapotzalco; Martín Jacobita, daga yankin Santa Ana ko Tlatelolco; Pedro de San Buenaventura, daga Cuautitlán; da Andrés Leonardo.
Masu kwafinsa ko pendolistas sun kasance Diego de Grado, daga yankin San Martín; Mateo Severino, daga unguwar Utlac, Xochimilco; da Bonifacio Maximiliano, daga Tlatelolco, kuma wataƙila wasu, waɗanda sunayensu suka ɓace.
Sahagún shine mai kirkirar tsattsauran tsari na binciken kimiyya, idan ba shine na farko ba, tunda Fray Andrés de Olmos yana gabansa a lokacin bincikensa, shi yafi kowa ilimin kimiyya, don haka ana masa kallon mahaifin tarihin kabila da bincike na zamantakewa. Amurkan, yana tsammanin karni na biyu da rabi na Uba Lafitan, gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar karatunsa na Iroquois a matsayin babban masanin ƙirar ƙabila na farko. Ya sami nasarar tattara tarin labarai na ban mamaki daga bakin masu sanar da shi, wadanda suka shafi al'adun Mexico.
Rukunan nan guda uku: allahntaka, mutum da ɗan adam, na al'adun gargajiya mai zurfin zurfafawa cikin tunanin tarihi, duk suna cikin aikin Sahagún. Don haka, akwai dangantaka ta kut da kut ta hanyar ɗaukar ciki da rubuta Tarihinsa tare da aiki da, misali, Bartholomeus Anglicus mai taken De proprietatibus rerum ... en romance (Toledo, 1529), littafi ne da yake a halin yanzu a zamaninsa, haka kuma tare da ayyuka ta Plinio Dattijo da Albertoel Magno.
SuHistoria, wanda kundin tarihi ne irin na zamani, wanda ilimin Renaissance da na al'adun Nahuatl ya canza shi, ya gabatar da aikin hannu da hannu iri daban-daban, tunda kungiyar daliban ta shiga tsakani daga 1558, aƙalla, har zuwa 1585 A ciki, alaƙar sa, tare da nuna hoto, ga abin da ake kira Makarantar Meziko-Tenochtitlan, daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 16, tare da salon "farfaɗo da Aztec" ana tsinkayensa da tsabta ta meridian.
Duk waɗannan wadatattun bayanai masu ban sha'awa sun kasance cikin mantuwa, har sai Francisco del Paso y Troncoso - babban masanin Nahuatl kuma babban masanin tarihi - ya buga asalin asalin da aka adana a Madrid da Florence ƙarƙashin taken Tarihi janar de las cosas de Nueva España. Bugun facsimile edition na Codices matritenses (vols 5, Madrid, 1905-1907). Volumeara na biyar, na farko cikin jerin, ya kawo faranti 157 na littattafai 12 na Code na Florentine wanda aka ajiye a cikin Laurentian Library a Florence.
Bugun da Carlos María de Bustamante yayi (3 vols, 1825-1839), Irineo Paz (4.vols., 1890-1895) sun fito ne daga kwafin Tarihin Tarihi Sahagún, wanda yake a gidan zuhudu na San Francisco de Tolosa, Spain. ) da Joaquín Ramírez Cabañas (kundi 5, 1938).
Mafi cikakken bugu a cikin Sifaniyanci shine na Uba Ángel María Garibay K., tare da taken Babban tarihin abubuwan New Spain, wanda Bernardino de Sahagún ya rubuta kuma ya dogara ne akan abubuwanda aka rubuta a cikin harshen meziko waɗanda ativesan ƙasar suka tattara (vol 5 vol., 1956).
