Birnin Mexico ya sami sauye-sauye da yawa, don haka kowane lokacin tarihinta an ƙirƙira shi da ragowar wanda ya gabata. Saboda sauye-sauye masu ma'ana na babban birni, wannan ci gaba da lalacewa da sake ginawa yana farawa a zamanin pre-Hispanic kuma yana ci gaba har zuwa yau, a matsayin aikin ceto na yanzu na Cibiyar Tarihi.
Birnin Mexico ya sami sauye-sauye da yawa, don haka kowane lokacin tarihinta an ƙirƙira shi da ragowar wanda ya gabata. Saboda sauye-sauye masu ma'ana na babban birni, wannan ci gaba da lalacewa da sake ginawa yana farawa a zamanin pre-Hispanic kuma yana ci gaba har zuwa yau, a matsayin aikin ceto na yanzu na Cibiyar Tarihi.
An kafa shi a 1325, Mexico City ita ce mazaunin masarautar Aztec, a lokacin tana mamaye babban yanki. A zamanin pre-Hispanic, an tsara madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar tsari ta geometric wacce ta hade hanyoyin ruwa da samun hanyoyi, wani tsari wanda ya nuna fitowarta har zuwa yau. Sannan lalacewa da sake ginawa ta hanyar canza ayyukan da ake da su, irin wannan shine batun temples da dala "kowane sabon ɗaurin shekaru" - kwatankwacin shekaru 52 namu. Tare da haihuwar alama ta Rana, an ɗora ƙari akan tsarin matakin da ya gabata; Hakanan, kowane zagaye an yi bikin tare da lalata kayan daki da tasoshin jirgi don sakin komai a cikin sabon zamanin, wanda ke bayanin gano ɓaɓɓake a cikin abubuwan da aka tono kayan tarihi.
Daga baya, masu nasara sun zauna a cikin filin, inda aka ba su dukiya daban-daban. A zahiri, shirin da Mutanen Spain Alonso García Bravo suka yi don sake gina garin ya kiyaye yawancin shirin farko. Sau da yawa an gwada tunanin abin da zai faru idan aka mutunta ƙimar Greater Tenochtitlan kuma Mutanen Espanya suka gina wani birni mai rikitarwa, amma bukatun Conquest sun warware wannan hasashen.
Canji na gaba na birni ya jagoranci shi ya zama wurin zama na gwamnatin da ta fi ta New Spain kuma an gina ƙirarta a kango na asalin afteran asalin bayan an ragargaza ta. A wannan karbuwa, an kiyaye manyan hanyoyi, kamar su Tenayuca, da yanzu ake kira da Vallejo; Tlacopan, Mexico na yanzu Tacuba, da Tepeyac, yanzu Calzada de los Misterios. An kuma girmama yankuna huɗu na asali waɗanda suka canza sunayensu a Nahuatl saboda tasirin Kiristanci: San Juan Moyotla, Santa María Tlaquechiuacan, San Sebastián Atzacualco da San Pedro Teopan.
Don haka, "garin da aka yi mulkin mallaka an gina shi ne kan kujerun birni na asali, tare da kwashe tarkacen fadoji da gidajen ibada, aka gina sababbi a kan harsashinsu, tare da amfani da kayan aiki iri ɗaya," a cewar Luis González Obregón a cikin littafinsa Las Calles daga Meziko. Canji mafi girma ya faru yayin da birni ya rasa halayen tafkinsa bayan ayyukan bushe Tafkin Texcoco, wanda aka aiwatar a karni na 16 kuma aka kammala shi a 1900.
Yawancin lokaci, a lokacin mulkin mallaka an ƙirƙira garin daga bukatun addini. Dangane da wannan, González Obregón ya sake yin nuni: “a cikin karni na sha bakwai birni mai mulkin mallaka ya haɓaka cikin yawan jama'a da gine-gine, kuma titunan gidajen ibada, majami’u, asibitoci, asibitoci da makarantu sun mamaye tituna da murabba’ai, kuma ba su da ladabi kamar garin mulkin mallaka Karni na 16, karni na 17 ya fi addini yawa, kusan an yi albarka ”.
Tuni a cikin karni na 19 ya kasance matattarar ikon tarayya bayan Samun 'Yancin kai kuma ya sami sauye-sauye masu yawa tsawon shekaru, daga cikinsu ɓacewar majami'un bayan dokokin gyara da kuma matakin gine-ginen jama'a na karni na 20. Wannan na iya zama wani lokacin lalacewa, tunda muna iya samun birane uku: pre-Hispanic, da viceregal da mai kawo canji.
Canji mai mahimmanci ya faru a ƙarshen Juyin Juyin 1910, lokacin da doka ta kare zócalo, Calle de Moneda da gine-ginen masu darajar tarihi. An fara daga 1930, an kirkiro da sabon wayewar tarihi game da darajar gine-ginen birnin, wanda aka dauke shi mafi mahimmin cibiyar yawan mutane a nahiyar Amurka; sannan ya kasance yana da jimlar gudanarwar jama'a, ayyukan kuɗi, ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da babban gidan karatu, Jami'ar ƙasa. Dokokin da aka gabatar sun nuna damuwa don adana shi da hana ci gaban da ba shi da iko da lalacewar mutuncin birni.
FITOWA
Sakamakon tabarbarewar al'amura, daga 1911 yawan mutanen ya fara barin cibiyar kuma mazaunanta sun fi mayar da hankali a cikin yankunan Guerrero, Nueva Santa María, San Rafael, Roma, Juárez da San Miguel Tacubaya. A gefe guda kuma, an kirkiri sabbin hanyoyi don magance matsalolin zirga-zirgar da ke karuwa kuma a shekarar 1968 an bude layukan jirgin karkashin kasa na farko da nufin tallafawa safarar jama'a; duk da haka, matsalar ta ci gaba saboda ƙaruwar jama'a da yawan ababen hawa.
A ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1980, bayan ganowa da wurin Magajin Garin Templo da Coyolxauhqui, an ba da doka da ke bayyana cibiyar tarihin Mexico City a matsayin yanki na abubuwan tarihi, wanda ke nuna iyaka a cikin tubalan 668 tare da fadada kilomita 9.1.
Dokar ta raba wannan yanki zuwa yankuna biyu: A ya sanya wanda ya rufe garin pre-Hispanic da kuma fadada shi a cikin mataimaki har zuwa Independence, kuma B ya hada da fadada da aka gudanar har zuwa karni na 19. Haka kuma, dokar 1980, wacce ta kare gine-gine da kayayyakin tarihi daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa na 19, ya ɗauki kiyayewa da maido da tsarin gine-gine da al'adun gargajiya a matsayin ɓangare na tsare-tsaren ci gaban biranen ƙasar.
RABUWAR CIKIN GARIN TARIHI NA GARIN MEXICO
Tana da kusan 9 km2 kuma tana zaune cikin tubalan 668. Akwai kimanin kadarori dubu 9 da kusan gine-gine 1 500 masu darajar daraja, tare da gine-ginen da aka yi tsakanin ƙarni na 16 da 20.
GA samfurin
An gina Palacio de Iturbide a karni na 17 don Marquis na San Mateo de Valparaíso kuma misali ne na gine-ginen Baroque tare da tasirin Italiya. Wanda ya tsara shi ne Francisco Guerrero y Torres ne ya tsara shi, wanda kuma shi ne marubucin Fadar Masu Kirki na San Mateo Valparaíso da Capilla del Pocito a Basilica na Guadalupe; Gaban sa na jikin da yawa kuma baranda yana kewaye da ginshiƙai masu kyau. Yana da damar shiga titunan Gante, Bolívar da Madero. Wannan fadar ta samo suna ne saboda cewa Iturbide ta zauna a ciki lokacin da ya shiga Mexico a shugaban rundunar Trigarante. Na dogon lokaci otal ne, an maida shi cikakke kuma a halin yanzu yana da gidan kayan gargajiya da ofisoshin Banamex. Koyaya, jama'a na iya ziyartarsa. Yana daga cikin gine-ginen da aka haskaka a cikin Shirin Amincewa da Cibiyar Tarihi.
A kusurwar 16 de Septiembre –kafin Coliseo Viejo – da Isabel la Católica –kafun Espiritu Santo– Ginin Boker, wanda aka gina shi a 1865 don ajiye shagon kayan masarufi iri ɗaya. Masu tsarawa De Lemus da Cordes, daga New York ne suka tsara shi, marubutan shahararren shagon Macys a wannan garin, kuma ɗan Mexico Gonzalo Garita ne ya zartar da shi, wanda shi ma ya aiwatar da ginin Tunawa da Independancin 'Yanci da kuma tushen Fadar. na Fine Arts. Wannan gidan yana da aar uwa, wanda yake theakin Bankin Mexico, wanda mai ginin da magini guda suka aiwatar dashi; A cikin 1900 Don Porfirio Díaz ya buɗe ta kuma a lokacin ana ɗaukarta a matsayin mafi zamani a cikin Meziko, tunda ita ce ta farko da aka gina ta da ginshiƙai da katako masu ƙarfe. Yana da aka dauke a matsayin tarihi da kuma gine-gine abin tunawa da birnin.
Daga cikin wasu bayanan tarihin kadarorin, an ce a yayin da ake aikinta, Cihuateteo, allahiyar uwa wacce a halin yanzu take a Munal, da gaggafar gaggafa, an samo su a cikin National Museum of Anthropology. Mai gidanta, Pedro Boker, ya halarci kai tsaye cikin ayyukan ceton da aka gudanar akan waɗancan titunan kuma ya gaya mana cewa akwai maƙwabta guda uku ga kowane ɗayan hanyoyin, waɗanda ke shiga cikin ayyukan ayyukan.
AYYUKAN SAUKI
Karuwar lalacewar cibiyar ya hada da bangarorin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, siyasa da kuma hotunan birane, don haka shirin ceto dole ne ya dauke su cikin la'akari da kokarin kiyaye kimarmu ta tarihi da al'adu.
Aikin yanzu na sake sabunta Cibiyar Tarihi yana karkashin jagorancin Trust of the Historic Center na Mexico City, wanda Ana Lilia Cepeda ke jagoranta, kuma ya ƙunshi jerin abubuwan da aka tsara da haɗin kai, wanda a cikin shekaru huɗu (2002-2006) zai samar. tasiri mai kyau akan sararin birane.
TATTALIN ARZIKI
A wannan ma'anar, suna da niyyar tabbatar da fa'ida a cikin saka hannun jari, ba da garantin saka hannun jari, sake yin tunanin amfani da gine-gine, sake maimaita yankin ta fuskar tattalin arziki da samar da ayyuka.
GASKIYA
A gefe guda kuma, tana neman farfadowa da dawo da yanayin mahalli na yankin, da karfafa tushen dangin da ke zaune a ciki, tare da magance matsalolin kasuwanci a cikin hanyar jama'a, rashin tsaro, talauci da tabarbarewar mutane.
MATAKAN GUDANAR DA CIKIN Tarihin Tarihi Ta hanyar Ayyukan Fitowa
Na farko (duka ukun daga watan Agusta zuwa Nuwamba 2002):
Ya haɗa da titunan 5 de Mayo, Isabel La Católica / República de Chile, Francisco I. Madero da Allende / Bolívar.
Na biyu:
Yana rufe titunan 16 de Septiembre, Donceles, daga Eje Central zuwa República de Argentina, da kuma sassan Palma, tsakanin 16 de Septiembre da Venustiano Carranza, tsakanin 5 de Mayo da Madero
Na uku:
Yana aiwatar da ayyuka akan titunan Venustiano Carranza, daga Eje Central zuwa Pino Suárez, sauran sassan Palma, ɗayan 5 ga Fabrairu, tsakanin Satumba 16 da Venustiano Carranza. A cikin titin Motolinía, an gyara benaye da masu shukar, kuma bisa buƙatar maƙwabta, ɓangaren da ke tsakanin Tacuba da 5 de Mayo an canza shi zuwa yankuna masu tafiya.
Mataki na huɗu: (daga 27 ga Yuli, 2002 zuwa Oktoba 2003). Ya haɗa da titin Tacuba (rafuka, kayan ado da tituna).
SHIRIN SIFFAN BIRNI
Yana shiga cikin fannoni na yanayin birane tare da ma'anar girmama al'adun tarihi; Hanyoyi ne masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, wadanda suka hada da tsara facade, hasken gine-gine, kayan kwalliya na birni, sufuri da tituna, filin ajiye motoci, odar kasuwanci akan titunan jama'a, da tarin shara.
AYYUKAN WUTI
Hasken gine-ginen yana ba da kyansu don yawon shakatawa na dare. Daga cikin wadanda aka fadakar a cikin shirin akwai:
• A cikin Isabel La Católica La Esmeralda, gidan caca na Sifen, gidan Countididdigar Miravalle da Gidan Boker.
• A cikin Madero, an tsara hasken wuta a Haikalin San Felipe, atrium na San Francisco, Fadar Iturbide, La Profesa, Casa Borda da Pimentel Building.
• A ranar 5 ga Mayu, an sanya hasken wuta a Monte de Piedad, Casa Ajaracas, da Paris Building, Motolinía da 5 ga Mayu, Palestina, da kuma facade na Ginin Nauyi da Aiki.
LADAN DA KYAU
Shirin Raya Birane na Cibiyar Tarihi yana nuna saka hannun jari na Gwamnatin Gundumar Tarayya ta pesos miliyan 375 (mp) a cikin ayyukan ababen more rayuwa, hoton birni da kuma mallakar ƙasa. Zuba jari na zaman kansa ya kai pesos miliyan 4,500 a ayyukan don siyan ƙasa da girka shaguna, gidajen abinci da sauran kasuwanci.
Wannan canjin shi ne mafi mahimmanci tun daga 1902, lokacin karshe da aka buɗe tituna kuma aka gyara abubuwan more rayuwa. Aiki ne na ra'ayin mazan jiya game da kimar yankin mai tarihi, wanda gwamnatin gundumar tarayya, Cibiyar Nazarin Anthropology da Tarihi ta kasa, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Fasaha, masana tarihin zane-zane, masu sakewa, masu zane-zane da masu tsara birane suka shiga ciki. Babu shakka Cibiyar za ta dawo da ɗaukakar darajarta.
Source: Ba a san Mexico ba No. 331 / Satumba 2004
