Game da asali da ma'anar sunansa, komai yana nuna cewa Querétaro kalma ce wacce ta fito daga yaren Purépecha kuma tana nufin "wasan ƙwallo" (kamar Tlachco a Nahuatl da Nda-maxeien Otomí).
A al'adance, yankin Querétaro ya kasance ƙasar Otomi ce, amma da suka sami labarin mamayar Mexico-Tenochtitlan, ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da ke zaune a yankin sun yanke shawarar barin shi don shiga ƙasashen arewacin, don guje wa sabbin iyayengiji. Rayuwarsu ta canza sarai, saboda ba kawai barin dukiyarsu da kayansu ba, amma kuma sun ba da rayuwarsu ta zama don su zama masu tara mafarauta, kamar Chichimecas. Game da asali da ma'anar sunansa, komai yana nuna cewa Querétaro kalma ce wacce ta fito daga yaren Purépecha kuma tana nufin "wasan ƙwallo" (kamar Tlachco a Nahuatl da Nda-maxeien Otomí). A al'adance, yankin Querétaro ya kasance ƙasar Otomi ce, amma da suka sami labarin mamayar Mexico-Tenochtitlan, ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da ke zaune a yankin sun yanke shawarar barin shi don shiga ƙasashen arewacin, don guje wa sabbin iyayengiji. Rayuwarsu ta canza sarai, tunda ba kawai barin dukiyoyinsu da kayansu ba, amma kuma sun ba da rayuwarsu ta zama don zama masu tara farauta, kamar Chichimecas.
Garin Querétaro na yanzu yana kan tsauni wanda yake a ƙofar wani ƙaramin kwari, a tsayin mita 1 830 sama da matakin teku. Yanayin yana da yanayi mai kyau kuma galibi damina tana matsakaici a kowane lokaci na shekara. Kewayen garin suna ba da yanayin fasalin hamada, inda cacti na keɓaɓɓun nau'ikan ke wakiltar ciyayi. Yawan jama'arta a halin yanzu yana tsakanin mutane 250 zuwa 300,000, an rarraba su kusan kilomita 302. Babban ayyukan tattalin arziki sune masana'antu, noma, da kasuwanci.
TARIHI
Wanda ya fara cin nasara a Sifen ya isa wannan kwarin a 1531 shi ne Hernán Pérez de Bocanegra kuma ya yi hakan tare da ƙungiyar 'yan asalin garin Purépecha da asalin Otomí daga Acámbaro, waɗanda suka yanke shawarar samo gari.
Sakamakon rikici tsakanin Pames da Spaniards (tare da kawayensu), Conín, wani tsohon Otomí Pochteca, ya tuba zuwa Kiristanci kuma yayi masa baftisma da sunan Mutanen Espanya na Hernando de Tapia.
Don, Don Hernando de Tapia shi ne wanda ya kafa garin Querétaro na farko wanda masarautar ta amince da shi (1538), amma saboda yanayin ƙasar, daga baya, a cikin 1550, yawan mutanen ya koma inda kyakkyawan cibiyarsa take. tarihi. Generalididdigar yawan jama'a shine saboda Juan Sánchez de Alanís.
Tare da shigewar lokaci, Querétaro ya zama wurin zama na ɗimbin majami'u da asibitoci, waɗanda aka kafa a lokuta daban-daban da kuma umarnin addini daban-daban. Akwai Franciscans, Jesuit, Augustines, Dominicans, Discalced Carmelites, da sauransu.
Ofaya daga cikin mahimman gine-ginen addini a cikin wannan birni, wanda aka kafa a ƙarni na 16, shi ne gidan zuhudu na Santa Cruz, wanda maƙasudin sa shi ne inganta bautar Holy Cross na Nasara. Koyaya, na dogon lokaci ana ginin wannan ginin kuma har zuwa rabin rabin karni na goma sha bakwai aka kammala shi (duka haikalin da gidan zuhudu). A ƙarshe, fitattun mishan mishan ɗin da suka mamaye arewa da kudu na masarautar New Spain sun tashi daga wannan wuri: Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Alta California, Guatemala, da Nicaragua. Wani gini mai tsananin kyau da muhimmanci shine Royal Convent na Santa Clara, wanda aka kafa a farkon karni na goma sha bakwai (1607) wanda Don Diego Tapia (ɗan Conín) ya kafa, don 'yarsa ta cika aikinta na addini.
Ba kamar sauran birane da yankuna na New Spain ba, Querétaro yana da babban ci gaban tattalin arziki tun ƙarni na goma sha bakwai, lokacin da aka saka saka hannun jari mai yawa don sake gina gine-ginen ƙarni da suka gabata, waɗanda suka fara yawaita da yawan masu wadata. . Daga farkon rabin karni na goma sha bakwai, Queretans sun nemi taken birni don yawan su, amma Sarkin Spain (Felipe V) bai ba da izini ba har zuwa farkon ƙarni na goma sha takwas (1712), lokacin da ya ba shi taken Mai Girma da Verywarai Yalungiyar aminci ta Santiago de Querétaro.
Manya-manyan kayan tarihi da al'adun da wannan birni ya samu suna bayyana a cikin kyawawan gine-ginen addini da na jama'a. Babban ayyukan tattalin arziƙin na Querétaro sun kasance, a yankunan karkara, samar da aikin gona da kiwon manya da ƙananan dabbobi, kuma a cikin birane samar da yadudduka masu ƙyau da kyawawan kasuwancin kasuwanci. Querétaro da San Miguel el Grande a wancan lokacin sun kasance manyan cibiyoyin samar da masaku; A can, ba wai kawai tufafin masu hakar ma'adinai da manoma na Guanajuato na zamanin viceregal aka kera su ba, amma kyawawan kyallen wando wadanda suma suna da kasuwa a wasu sassan New Spain.
Kuma kamar dai wannan bai isa ba, Querétaro ya kasance koyaushe wurin al'amuran daban-daban waɗanda suka wuce tarihin ƙasar. A lokacin shekarun farko na karni na XIX, a cikin wannan garin tarurruka ko tarurruka waɗanda suka kasance farkon Yaƙin Independancin Independancin New Spain. Daya daga cikin manyan mahalarta taron shine kaftin na Dragons of Queen Ignacio de Allende y Unzaga, wanda babban aboki ne na corregidora Doña Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez. A ƙarshe, za su zama jarumai na ƙungiyar masu ɗauke da makamai na 1810.
Kamar yadda kowa ya sani ne, a daren 15 ga Satumba, 1810, Corregidora ya sanar da Kyaftin Allende cewa gwamnatin viceregal ce ta gano wannan makircin na Querétaro, wanda ya sa aka fara gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci da wuri fiye da yadda ake tsammani. . Gwamnan Querétaro, Mista Ignacio Pérez, shi ne wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa San Miguel el Grande don ya gargaɗi Allende, amma da bai same shi ba, sai ya koma tare da Kyaftin Juan Aldama zuwa theungiyar Dolores (a yau Dolores Hidalgo), inda Allende da Hidalgo suke. wanda ya yanke shawarar fara kungiyar masu dauke da makamai a safiyar ranar 16 ga Satumba.
Da zarar yakin ya fara kuma saboda rahotannin da mataimakin magajin hadari na mutanen Queretans ya samu, garin ya kasance a hannun masarautar, kuma har zuwa 1821 lokacin da sojojin 'yanci karkashin jagorancin Janar Agustín de Iturbide suka iya dauka. . A cikin 1824 an ayyana yankin tsohuwar Querétaro a matsayin ɗayan jihohin da zasu kasance sabuwar Jamhuriya ta ofasar Mexico ta Tsakiya.
Koyaya, shekarun farko na Jamhuriya basu da sauki. Gwamnatocin Mexico na farko ba su da tabbas kuma saboda haka matsaloli masu yawa na siyasa sun taso waɗanda suka dagula ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da Querétaro, wanda saboda kusancinsa da Mexico City, ana yawan samun rikice-rikice.
Daga baya, a cikin 1848, Querétaro shine wurin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka sanya hannu tare da Amurka, bayan waccan ƙasar ta mamaye ƙasarmu. Hakanan ya kasance muhimmin gidan wasan kwaikwayo yayin shigar Faransa da daular Maximilian. Wannan birni shine ainihin cikas na ƙarshe da sojojin jamhuriya suka samu na cin nasarar mulkin mallaka.
Kusan shekaru 20 suka wuce domin sake sakewa ga sake gina wasu jerin gine-ginen da aka yi watsi da su yayin fafatawa mai tsauri tsakanin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Kamar yadda yake a cikin sauran biranen da yawa a cikin ƙasar, Porfiriato ya wakilci lokacin ramawa ga Querétaro dangane da ayyukan gine-gine da ayyukan birni; Sannan an gina murabba'ai, kasuwanni, manyan gidaje, da sauransu.
Har ilayau, saboda motsi na makami na 1910, Querétaro ya ga muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin Mexico. Saboda dalilan tsaro, a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1916, Don Venusiano Carranza ya ayyana wannan birni a matsayin kujerun ikon lardunan Jamhuriyar. Bayan shekara guda da kwana uku, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jamhuriyar ya kasance wurin gabatar da Tsarin Tsarin Siyasa na Unitedasashen Mexico na Yammacin Amurka, takaddar da har zuwa yau ke ci gaba da daidaita rayuwar dukkan Mexan ƙasar ta Mexico.
MUHIMMAN ABUBUWAN SHA'AWA AKAN TAFIYA
Za a iya yin tafiya ta cikin Querétaro daga wurare daban-daban, amma abin da ya fi dacewa shi ne fara shi a cikin cibiyar. A cikin Plaza de la Constitución akwai filin ajiye motoci inda zaku iya barin motarku tare da amincewa.
'Yan metersan mitoci daga ƙofar filin ajiye motocin, tsohuwar gidan zuhudu ne na San Francisco wanda a yau shine hedkwatar Gidan Tarihi na Yanki, inda zaku iya sha'awar ɗayan mafi kyawun tarin hotunan zane-zane. Wannan ginin sananne ne musamman ga tarihin birni saboda asalin tsarin garin da Hernando de Tapia ya kafa ya fara daga gare ta. Gininsa ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru goma (1540-1550).
Koyaya, ginin da yake yanzu ba shine na farko ba; shine ginin da aka sake ginawa a kusan rabin rabin karni na goma sha bakwai ta sanannen mai zane José de Bayas Delgado. Wataƙila kawai sanannen sanannen abu na karni na 16 shine dutse mai ruwan hoda wanda aka sassaƙa taimakon Santiago Apóstol. Taskokin wannan haikalin suna ɗayan misalai mafi kyau na gine-ginen maigidan Bayas, wanda a cikin 1658 ya fara aiki tare da shugabannin faransawa a sake gina gidan zuhudu, kuma bayan shekaru biyu a cikin na haikalin.
Lokacin da ka bar wannan ginin, juya dama ka taka zuwa Calle de 5 de Mayo. A can za ku sami aikin farar hula da aka ba da umarnin gina a kusa da 1770 na mahimmancin tarihi na ban mamaki tunda ita ce hedkwatar Gidan Masarauta na wannan birni. Amma watakila abin da ya fi fice a tarihin shi ne cewa daga nan, a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1810, matar magajin garin, Misis Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez, ta aika sako ga San Miguel el Grande da aka aike wa Kyaftin Ignacio de Allende, ta sanar da shi game da gano shirin kwato New Spain daga masarautar Spain. A yau ne Fadar Gwamnati, wurin zama na ikon jihohi.
A kan titunan Libertad da Luis Pasteur akwai Gidan Don Bartolo (Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Jama'a ta yanzu), kyakkyawan misali na tsarin gine-gine daga zamanin da, wanda mutum mai matukar muhimmanci ga tattalin New Spain ya mamaye shi. : Marquis de Rayas don Bartolomé de Sardaneta y Legaspi, wanda tare da danginsa suka kasance sahun gaba na kirkirar kere-kere a masana'antar hakar ma'adinai na Guanajuato. Su ke da alhakin gina gwanayen farko masu zurfin tsaye, waɗanda suka yi nasara sosai a ci gaban hakar ma'adinan viceregal.
Ba kamar gine-ginen ƙarni na sha bakwai ba, a cikin ƙarni na goma sha takwas an gina haikalin da ke da mafi kyawu. Falo na Haikalin San Agustín yana da halin gabatar da gawawwaki uku waɗanda suka ƙare tare da gicciyen da aka saka a cikin gicciyen giciyen da aka yi akan dutse mai ruwan hoda kuma aka yi masa ado sosai. An gama wannan haikalin a 1736.
Babu shakka ɗayan gine-ginen da ke wakiltar gine-ginen addini na Queretaro na ƙarni na 18 shine Haikali da gidan ibada na Santa Rosa de Viterbo, tunda ginshiƙanta ko gindin mata suna nuna ɗayan sabbin abubuwan gine-ginen zamanin, waɗanda aka yi niyya don gina manyan gidaje da a lokaci guda ƙirƙirar ƙaƙƙarfan kayan ado, amma masu kyau a cikin sifofin su.
Amma idan siffofin waje suna faranta mana rai, na cikin suna sihirce mu; Abubuwan bagade na ƙarni na 18, waɗanda aka kawata da daɗin ɗanɗano, kyauta ce ga tsire-tsire. Manyan birane, masarufi, kofofi, ginshiƙai, mala'iku da waliyai, komai na mamaye da ganyen zinare, furanni da fruitsa fruitsan itace. Kuma idan hakan bai isa ba, ana yi wa mumbarin ado a cikin salon Moorish tare da ɗakunan lu'u lu'u-lu'u, hauren giwa da kuma dazuzzuka daban-daban waɗanda suka sa ya zama kyakkyawan gwaninta na aikin kabad.
Yanki mai kyau da shakatawa na Alameda ya samo asali ne tun daga zamanin masarauta, kodayake bayan lokaci ya sha aiki da dama wadanda suka canza fasalin sa na asali. Da alama dai an kawata shi da wasu nau'ikan bishiyoyi, tun daga layin Indiya wanda a yau ke kore yanayin Alameda, tun daga aan shekarun da suka gabata.
Mun bar magudanar ruwa har zuwa ƙarshe, kyakkyawan misali na aikin injiniyan lantarki na zamanin viceregal saboda, ba tare da wata shakka ba, ita ce alama mafi daraja a garin Querétaro. Marquis de la Villa del Villar del Águila wanda aka gina a farkon rabin karni na 18 don biyan buƙatun farko na jiya da koyaushe, a yau har yanzu yana tsaye da ɗaukaka, yana tsaye tsakanin manyan biranen jama'a.
Kodayake ba ta cika aikinta na asali ba, babu wani yanki mai ban mamaki na biranen Querétaro inda siririn amma ƙaƙƙarfan adon ruwan mashin ɗin bai tsaya ba. Chesungiyoyin arziƙinsa masu ɗaukaka guda 74 suna da alama makamai ne waɗanda ke maraba da duk wanda yake so ya more awanni waɗanda ba za a taɓa mantawa da su ba.
Wannan ɗan yawon shakatawa a titunan Querétaro zai zama kamar abincin abinci mai daɗi. Ya rage gare ku, ƙaunataccen mai karatu, ku yi farin ciki da wadataccen liyafa na siffofin baroque, launuka da laushi wanda yanayin biranen Querétaro ya ba mu. A ci abinci lafiya.
Sauran wuraren da yakamata a ziyarta sune, misali, Neptune Fountain, aikin da sanannen mai zanen gidan Guanajuato Francisco Eduardo Tresguerras yayi a cikin 1797; gidan Karnuka, wanda Mariano de las Casas ya zauna na dogon lokaci, ɗayan sanannun gine-gine a cikin Querétaro; da Casa de la Marquesa wanda matar Marquis del Villar ke zaune, mai ba da taimako ga gari kuma mai gina rafin; Babban gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jamhuriyar; Tsohuwar Gidan Zakka; Gidan Gidajen Biyar, da Gidan Ecala.
Source: Ba a san Mexico ba No. 224 / Oktoba 1995
