Na kusanci wurin da aka ayyana amma ban iya bambance burbushin halittu da duwatsun da ke kewaye da su ba. Abokan aikina sun rarraba sassan da aka warwatse, wasu sun binne rabi ko basu cika ba, kuma suna ba da umarni (yanzu na iya gani sarai) wani bangare na kashin baya.
Ta hanyar rakiyar mambobin Paleontology Hukumar Daga SEP a Coahuila, abubuwa biyu suka mamaye ni: na farko shi ne dole ne in kasance makaho saboda ban iya samun komai ba face duwatsu marasa amfani tsakanin lechuguillas da gwamnoni; na biyu shine cewa, don idanun horo, yankin Coahuila yana da wadatacciyar wadatar kayan tarihi na zamanin Mesozoic, musamman lokacin Cretaceous, wanda ke nufin magana akan shekaru miliyan 70 da suka gabata.
A waccan lokacin, yanayin tsaunuka masu kwari da kwari da ke kewaye da mu a yau a Rincón Colorado, ejido na Janar Cepeda, ya bambanta sosai, kusan ba za a iya tsammani ba. Nisan sararin samaniya ya shimfida a wani katafaren fili mai zurfin ruwa wanda babban kogin ya rutsa dashi wanda, yayin da yake sadar da ruwansa izuwa cikin teku na cikin teku, sai ya rabu zuwa wani yanki mai zurfin mashigar ruwa da gabar tekun. Gigantic ferns, magnolias, da dabino sun mallaki ciyawar ciyawa mai cike da yanayi mai zafi da danshi, tare da yanayi mai dumbin yawa kamar yadda yake da wadataccen carbon dioxide. Kwayoyin kifayen sun yadu a cikin ruwan, gami da mollusc da crustaceans, kuma kunkuru da kadoji sun kasance. Kwari sun yawaita ko'ina yayin da dabbobi masu shayarwa na farko suka fuskanci matsalar rayuwa, wanda aka tashe shi daga muƙamuƙin manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe kuma, galibi, waɗanda a lokacin sune sarakunan halitta: dinosaur.
Ko yara - watakila sun fi kowa - sun san su. Amma kalmomin da yawa sun ci gaba game da waɗannan "dabbobi masu rarrafe masu wahala" mahaukaci.
MENENE DINOSAUR?
Muna da ajalin lokacin Richard Owen, Masanin ilmin dabbobi na Ingilishi na karnin da ya gabata, wanda yana cikin farkon wanda ya fara binciken burbushinsa kuma ya yanke shawarar yi musu baftisma cikin Girkanci:deinos na nufin mummunan da sauros kadangaru, kodayake ana amfani da ma'anar dabbobi masu rarrafe. Kalmar ta kama, kodayake ba daidai bane. Don haka, akwai ƙananan dinosaur da yawa, har ma da ciyayi, ba mai ban tsoro ba, yayin da wasu manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe waɗanda suke da kyau don haka ba za a iya ɗaukar su dinosaur ba.
Kowane sabon bayanin da ke fadada ilimi game da su yana tabbatar da masana kimiyyar halittar tarihi game da kirkirar wani aji na daban; da Dinosaur, wanda zai kebe da dabbobi masu rarrafe amma ya hada da tsuntsaye, wadanda suke da kwatankwacin kamanninsu.
Bari mu duba batun dabbobi masu shayarwa. Sun fito ne daga wata tsohuwar ƙungiyar dabbobi masu rarrafe da ake kira synapsids. A matsayina na mahaɗar mai raɗaɗi da ta haɗa nau'ikan aji biyu masu rarrabuwar kawuna, an bar mu da platypus, baƙon dabba daga Oceania tare da halaye na biyun: tana ƙwai, ba ta daidaita yanayin zafin jikin ta kuma yana da guba da guba. Amma yana girma gashi kuma yana shayar da younga itsanta. Hakanan, dinosaur sun samo asali ne daga dabbobi masu rarrafe, amma ba haka bane. Suna rabawa tare da wadannan wasu halaye kamar hada akalla kashin baya biyu a cikin sacrum, kamanceceniya da juna, tsarin mulki na muƙamuƙi da ƙasusuwa da yawa, ciki na ƙwanƙwan amniotic (tare da babban adadin gwaiduwa don ciyar da amfrayo), jiki rufe da sikeli kuma, musamman, yanayin poikilotherms: rashin iya sarrafa zafin jikin; ma'ana, suna da jini-sanyi.
Koyaya, binciken kwanan nan yayi jayayya da wannan hanyar gargajiya. Yanzu mun san cewa an rufe wasu dinosaur da fuka-fukai, cewa suna da sakin jiki, sun fi hankali fiye da yadda aka yi imani da su kuma a gaban manyan masanan, wadanda ke da kwankwason hanji, da yawa da kwankwason tsuntsaye ko masu ado sun bayyana. Kuma kowace rana karin masana kimiyya suna ɗauka cewa ba zai yuwu ba cewa zasu iya zama masu jini-sanyi. Wannan ya kai mu ga wata ka'ida mai ban sha'awa game da halakarta, wanda ya faru bayan wanzuwar Duniya na shekaru miliyan 165 da suka gabata, wani 65 (wanda ke nuna ƙarshen zamanin Mesozoic da farkon Cenozoic). A cewar wannan ka'idar, ba duk nau'ikan dinosaur suka bace sama da gaske ba; wasu sun tsira sun juye sun zama tsuntsaye.
GYARAN SAURIYA
Abubuwan al'ajabi da rikice-rikice a gefe, waɗannan dabbobin da suka gabata suna da isasshen kwarjini don ɗaukar hankali da ƙoƙari na waɗanda ke nazarin su. Kuma a cikin Coahuila akwai burbushin halittu da dumbin yawa.
Mafi yawan yankuna na yanzu sun samo asali ne a lokacin Mesozoic da ke fuskantar tekun Tethis, lokacin da daidaita cibiyoyin duniya cikin komai bai yi kama da na yanzu ba. Saboda haka sunan laƙabi na ""ananan rairayin bakin teku masu", wanda René Hernández, Jagora na Kimiyya a UNAM, ya faɗakar da su.
Ayyukan wannan masanin binciken burbushin halittu da tawagarsa a cikin Presa de San Antonio ejido, gundumar Parras, sun sami babbar nasarar da suka samu yayin taron dinosaur na farko na Mexico: samfurin jinsi Gryposaurus, wanda ake kira da yawa "Bakin agwagwa" ta hanyar fitowar kashin gabanta.
Aikin da ya bi wannan ƙarshen ya fara ne daga shekara ta 1987. Shekarar mai zuwa da kuma bayan kwanaki 40 na aiki a cikin rabin hamada na Coahuila, farawa daga binciken da manomi Ramón López ya yi, sakamakon ya kasance mai gamsarwa. Tan uku tare da burbushin tsire-tsire, iri, da 'ya'yan itatuwa, tare da rukuni biyar na ɓarkewar teku, an tumɓuke su daga busasshiyar ƙasa. Kuma - ba za su iya ɓacewa ba - kusan ƙasusuwa dinosaur 400 na ƙungiyar Hadrosaurs ("agwagwa agwagwa") da jiragen ruwa Ankylosaur.
A watan Yunin 1992, an nuna ninki biyu na “agwaginmu” mai tsayin m 3.5 da tsayi 7 a cikin Gidan kayan gargajiya na Cibiyar Nazarin Geology na UNAM, wanda ke cikin yankin Santa María de la Ribera, a cikin Tarayyar Tarayya. Dangane da labarin, rukunin farko na 'yan makaranta da suka ziyarce shi sun ba shi Isauria don girmama dan uwan ɗayansu, mai suna Isaura, wanda, in ji su, ya zama kamar ɗigon ruwa ɗaya zuwa wani.
"Isauria shine dinosaur mafi arha a duniya," in ji René Hernández, darektan taron. Cetonsa ya biya kuɗi 15,000; kuma amsar, wacce da irin wannan halayyar za ta yi daidai da pesos miliyan 100 a Amurka, ta fito nan kan pesos dubu 40. " A bayyane yake, aikin masu fasaha daga Launamy, ɗaliban da suka haɗa kai da Hernández, sun kasance da yawa. An tsamo kashi 70% na kwarangwal, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙasusuwa 218, ya zama dole a rarraba da tsabtace kowane ɓangaren. Tsaftacewa ya haɗa da cire dukkan laɓe tare da masu bugun jini da kayan iska. Hakan yakan biyo bayan taushin kasusuwa ta hanyar yin wanka da wani abu da ake kira butvar, diluted a cikin acetone. Wanda bai cika ba ko ya ɓace, kamar kokon kai na Isauria, an sake gina su a filastik, filastar ko polyester tare da fiberglass. Don wannan, an tsara sassan da ɗaukar hoto a matsayin zane ko hotunan misalai waɗanda aka haɗu a wasu gidajen kayan gargajiya. A ƙarshe, kuma tunda asalin ba a fallasa shi ba saboda girman nauyinsa da haɗarin haɗari, an aiwatar da ainihin kwafin dukkan kwarangwal.
ZIYARA ZUWA DUNIYA MAI HALITTU
Idan Isauria, wanda ke tsaye a tsaye bayan mafarki na shekara miliyan 70, na iya zama kamar fitaccen binciken ne, to ba shi kadai bane.
A cikin 1926 masana kimiyyar Jamusawa sun gano wasu kasusuwa na dinosaur na farko akan kasar Mexico, shima a cikin yankin Coahuila. Labari ne game da ado gwanja daga kungiyar ceratops (tare da ƙaho a fuska). A 1980 da Cibiyar Geology UNAM ta fara aikin bincike domin gano ragowar dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin jihar. Babu sakamako mai kyau, amma an sami adadi mai yawa na burbushin dinosaur da masoyan burbushin halittu suka samo. Aikin UNAM na biyu a cikin 1987 ya haɗu da goyon bayan Majalisar Nationalasa ta Kimiyya da Fasaha da gwamnatin Coahuila ta hanyar SEP. Kwamitin binciken kimiyyar halittu wanda aka kirkireshi kuma aka ba shi shawara ta René Hernández ya kafa ƙungiyar ƙwararru waɗanda aikin haɗin gwiwa ya ceton kyawawan abubuwan tarihi na burbushin halittu na dangi Hadrosauridae (Gryposaurus, Lambeosaurus), Ceratopidae (Chasmosaurus, Centrosaurus), Tyranosauridae (Albertosaurus) da Dromeosauridae (Dromeosaurus), kazalika da kifi, da dabbobi masu rarrafe, da halittun ruwa da tsire-tsire waɗanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yanayin Cretaceous. Da yawa don haka suna da taimakon Inamungiyar inamasa ta Duniya, kungiya mai zaman kanta don cigaban burbushin halittu - tare da fifita dinosaur-, mai matukar sha'awar koyo game da cigaban Mexico a fagen.
A halin yanzu da Paleontology Hukumar Yana tattara ayyukanta a yankunan da ke kewaye da Rincón Colorado, inda suka gano sama da shafuka 80 tare da burbushin halittu, galibinsu a Cerro de la Virgen, aka sake musu suna Cerro de los Dinosaurios. Kafin fara dakin gwaje-gwaje da matakan taro akwai aiki da yawa da za a yi.
A matsayin mataki na farko, suna aiwatar da bincike don ƙayyade adadin kuɗin. Wasu lokuta suna samun sanarwa daga ejidatarios ko masu neman mai son, lokacin da ba daga cibiyar da ke gudanar da bincike ba kuma da gangan ta yi tuntuɓe kan burbushin. Amma abin da aka fi sani shine a je karanta taswirar ilimin ƙasa kuma a san daga ƙyanƙyasar wane irin ragowar za a iya samu da yadda za a magance su.
Aikin ceto ko fasa dutse abu ne mai wahala; an tsabtace yankin, dasa shukokin fure da duwatsu masu motsi. Kafin fara hakar, wurin yana da murabba'in mita. Don haka, yana yiwuwa a ɗauki hoto kuma a zana wurin da kowane burbushin yake, saboda yanayin binnewa yana ba da bayanai da yawa. Bayani tare da lambarsa, yanayin yanayin wurin da kuma mutumin da ya cece shi yayi daidai da kowane yanki da aka tattara.
Gwanin dutse a Rincón Colorado ya ba da misali da aikin. Kusa da Gidan Tarihi na wannan wurin, suma suna karɓar ziyarar yan makaranta da yawon bude ido masu sha'awar shiga duniyar Cretaceous. Kuma ga waɗanda suke da irin abubuwan da suke so, akwai labari mai daɗi: a ƙarshen 1999 an buɗe Gidan Tarihi na Hamada a Saltillo tare da tanti mai kwazo don ilimin burbushin halittu. Abu ne mai matukar ban sha'awa da mahimmanci, tunda sawun dinosaur da aka gano kwanan nan shine ƙarin samfurin abubuwan mamakin da Coahuila ya tanada mana.
SHIN AKWAI FINA-FINAN DINOSAUR A SAURAN JIHOHI?
Kodayake a yau Coahuila yana da mafi girman ƙarfin, kuma ƙasusuwa waɗanda suke fitowa a ƙasa ba su da gutsure-tsalle tun lokacin da ƙwanƙwasawa ya ba da damar yin burbushin halittu masu ƙarfi, akwai burbushin abubuwa masu ban sha'awa a wasu sassan Mexico. A cikin lokacin Cretaceous, Baja California yana da mafi mahimmancin ajiya a cikin Arewacin Amurka ta Pacific. A cikin El Rosario, jam'iyyun da ke cikin kungiyoyin Hadrosaurs, Ceratopids, Ankylosaurs, Tyranosaurs da Dromaeosaurids. Baya ga gano fata da guntun gwaiwa, ragowar halittar da aka samu wacce ta haifar da sabon jinsi da jinsi:Labarin Labocania. An yi irin wannan binciken a Sonora, Chihuahua da Nuevo León. Hakanan daga Cretaceous akwai waƙoƙin dinosaur a Michoacán, Puebla, Oaxaca da Guerrero.
Garin mafi arziki na lokacin Jurassic yana cikin Huizachal canyon, Tamaulipas. A 1982 Dr. James M. Clark ya ba da sunan Bocatherium mexicanuma sabon jinsi da nau'ikan kwayar halitta.
Sabili da haka, ba dinosaur bane, kamar dabbobi masu rarrafe masu rarrafe, dawakai da dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Ragowar dinosaur din kansu, carnosaurs da ornithopods suna da rarrabuwa. Hakanan yana faruwa tare da burbushin Chiapas, kwanan wata shekaru miliyan 100 da suka gabata. A ƙarshe, a cikin San Felipe Ameyaltepec, Puebla, an sami manyan kwarangwal ya zuwa yanzu kawai ana iya danganta su da wasu irin sauropod.
