Kusa da gabar hadaddiyar ruwan Tekun Mexico da Tekun Caribbean, a ƙarshen gabashin Yucatan Peninsula, tsibirin Holbox ne, mai nisan kilomita 36 da kilomita 1 a cikin faffadan bangarensa: zuwa arewa da Zuwa yamma, Tekun Fasha yana wanka a gaɓar tekun sa kuma daga yamma zuwa yamma teku tana shiga ta bakin Conil don ƙirƙirar Lagoon Yalahau a kudu.
A gabas, a cikin mashigar da Punta Mosquitos da Punta Mach suka kafa, akwai wata karamar gadar katako wacce ta hada Holbox da gabar da ta rabu da tashar da ake kira Kuká River, wanda daga baya ya zama Kogin Hondo har sai ya kwarara zuwa Yalahau, kusan a gaban Isla de Pájaros.
Wadannan yankuna na bakin teku a arewacin Quintana Roo yanzu suna daga cikin Yom Balam Wildlife da Floatic Flora da Fauna Kariya, wanda ciyawar mangwaron ta mamaye kusan dukkan gabar bakin teku, kewaye da tulars da savannas da ambaliyar ruwa, sub-evergreen da matsakaici sub-deciduous gandun daji. Wadannan halittu suna rayuwa ne daga barewa, badger, boar daji, fox, raccoon, kunkururan teku, boa, turkey na daji da tsuntsayen cikin ruwa irin su heron, pelicans, frigates, flamingos, cormorants and agwag, da sauransu. Yankuna ne masu ƙanƙanci (0-10 m asl), waɗanda ke da asalin asalin ƙasa (Quaternary), kuma matsakaicin zafinsu ya kai 25 zuwa 27 ° C tare da ruwan sama na 900 mm a kowace shekara.
A da, ana kiran wannan tsibirin Polbox da Holbox de Palomino, wanda a Mayan ke nufin "ramin baƙin" ko "rami mai duhu", amma a yau yawancin mazaunanta suna kiran shi Isla Tranquila kuma an fi saninsa da "Isla de Tiburoneros". Asalin farko, ƙungiyoyin Mayan ne suka mamaye Holbox waɗanda suka girka hangen nesa zuwa teku wanda, a matsayin shaidu na bebe, sun kasance a bakin tekun Quintana Roo (ɗimbin faretattun gine-ginen da ke aiki azaman fitilun kewayawa). A wannan yankin, akwai wurare kamar Conil da Ekab, waɗanda sun kasance tashoshin kasuwanci na pre-Hispanic; har ma an san cewa, a 1528, Francisco de Montejo ya shirya tseren dawakai a Conil.
Hakanan, garin Ekab, wanda ci gaba da mamayewar 'yan fashin teku ya yi watsi da shi, yana da abubuwan mulkin mallaka kuma har yanzu yana riƙe da yawancin tsoffin zuhudun sa. Lokacin da Francisco Hernández de Córdoba da ma'aikatansa suka isa kusa da Holbox a 1517, Mayan sun gayyace su don su ziyarci gidajensu a kwale-kwale; Tarko ne, amma Mutanen Espanya kawai suka ji "cones cotoche", wanda shine dalilin da yasa suka sa wa wurin suna Cabo Catoche. Shekaru daga baya, a cikin 1660, yawancin mazaunin masu yanka itacen rini suna zaune, amma da yake su Ingilishi ne dole suka janye saboda yarjejeniyoyin da aka amince da Spain; wani lokaci daga baya wasu mestizos suka zauna a can, amma kuma sun ƙare da yin ƙaura zuwa wasu yankunan kariya.
Yanzu a cikin wannan wuri akwai sansanonin da masunta daga Holbox da garuruwan da ke kewaye da su ke amfani da su azaman sansanin ɗan lokaci.
KIFI, MUTANE DA JAN HANKALIN KASASU
Shekaru aru-aru ana yawan ziyartar yankin wanda ke neman abinci, ruwan sha kuma ya sami mafaka a cikin lagoon. Hakanan, al'adar kamun kifi ta daɗe kuma tana da taimako, tunda tun ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 mazaunan kewayen sun riga sun ciro soso kuma suna kama kunkuru Hawksbill. A yau an san Holbox a matsayin "garin kifin shark" saboda wallafe-wallafe da fina-finai da aka yi fim a can a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, amma samar da wannan kamun kifin ya ragu kuma a yau kawai ya dawo sharks uku zuwa shida (Ah Xoc) a kowace rana. An nau'ikan nau'uka daban-daban kamar yadda muke kira su tsusum, na kilogiram 200, abin da ake kira curro na kilo 150 zuwa 250, kifin kifin na 300 zuwa 400 ko ƙaho (xoc) na kilo 300. Ana kuma kama manyan barguna masu nauyin kilogram 600-1000 akai-akai, amma ana sake su saboda ba su da amfani; kananan rayukan ne kawai ake cin gasassu. Kyakkyawan taimako ga irin wannan kamun kifin shine nau'ikan nau'ikan kamala kamar mullet, saw, mackerel doki, tarpon, kifin kifi da ƙari da yawa waɗanda sune mahimmin ɓangaren kamun. A gefe guda kuma, an kama mollusks kamar dorinar ruwa da squid, amma ba haka ba ruwan hoda Strombus gigas, da Chac-pelPleuroploca gigantea, ƙaho Busycon contrarium da sauran nau'ikan da aka rufe har abada. Koyaya, kamawa ne na lobster Panulirus arqus, ta hanyar ƙugiya, raga da ruwa, a cikin shahararrun “tafiyar hunturu” a arewa maso gabashin yankin teku, wanda ke jawo yawancin masunta saboda buƙatarsa da ƙimar kasuwanci mai girma.
A cikin Holbox na yau, kayan kifi sun canza. A yau hanyar da yawancin masunta suka fi so ita ce "gareteada", wanda ake kira kamun kifi da kyau. Duk abin yana farawa ne da rana lokacin da wasu masunta marasa ni'ima suka fita zuwa "rarrafe" kimanin kilomita 8 ko 10 daga bakin gabar teku; a lokacin faduwar rana sukan sanya siliki mai kyau ko silin filament, sanye take da kyautuka 10 ko 12 na mita 30 kowannensu, wanda gabaɗaya ya haɗu zuwa 300 zuwa 400 m; An saita wannan saitin raga cikin jirgin ruwan. Yayin da masunci ke bacci, na yanzu yana jan wadannan raga a gabas. A tsakar dare, masuncin ya tashi, ya bincika abin da ke ciki kuma ya sauya raga; Suna nan haka har zuwa hudu ko biyar na safe kuma a lokacin suna kwashe duk abin da ya rage a cikinsu.
Baya ga yawaitar kamun kifi, tsibirin yana da wurare masu dadi wadanda za a iya ziyarta tare da goyon bayan mazauna yankin kamar Chabelo, Colis ko Pollero, waɗanda za su iya ɗaukar ku na tafiyar awanni uku don ganin gabar arewa da isa Punta Mosquitos daga gabas. , inda kwalekwalen da kyar yake shiga karkashin guntun gada gada na katako. Daga wannan lokacin zuwa gaba, jerin hanyoyin tashoshi suna farawa inda saurin kifi ke motsawa daga masu kutsawa tsakanin mahallan da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba wanda mangroves ya ƙirƙira, masu mallakar ƙarancin ƙasa. Wadannan tashoshi ba su da zurfi sosai kuma idan akwai karamin ruwa yana da wahalar tsallakawa ta jirgin ruwa kuma dole ne a motsa shi ta hanyar lever har sai ya kai ga zurfin ruwan Yagoon Lagoon, kusa da tsibirin da aka fi sani da Isla Pájaros ko Isla Morena, in ji lokacin shekara, tsuntsayen mulkin mallaka daban gida. Ta gabas, kasan tekun yana kirkirar tashoshi marasa adadi da filayen ambaliyar ruwa wadanda suke kiyaye kananan al'umman maza da kada, wadanda akayi amfani dasu ba kakkautawa tsawon karnoni. A yamma, a gaban ƙofar teku, a cikin Boca Conil, wuri ne mai ban sha'awa da kyau ƙwarai shine ramin Ruwa na Yalahau, mai kyau don iyo da hutawa daga yawon shakatawa. Amma idan kun fi so ku yi amfani da zamanku ta wata hanyar, za ku iya zuwa kamun kifi, ku yi sha'awar burbushin halittu, ku ziyarci yankin Cabo Catoche ko ku je kusan wuraren da ba a shiga ba na Yuluk 'yan kilomitoci da ke yankin.
Garin Holbox wuri ne na bakin teku, inda gidajen katako suke yin tituna madaidaiciya na yashi mai kyau waɗanda mazauna gida da baƙi ke jin daɗi saboda tsabtar sa da kuma damar yin tafiya babu ƙafafu ta hanyar su, kuma waɗanda aka kiyaye su haka ta yadda mazaunan su ke so. mazaunan da ba sa son a yi musu hanya. M sharar gida kamar kwantena da za a iya zubar da su a cikin teku ya yi kaɗan saboda an yi amfani da shi shekaru da yawa a cikin tushe da abubuwan da aka cika ƙasa. Cibiyar ita ce wurin taruwar jama'a, kuma da rana da yamma tana jan hankalin yara da samari waɗanda ke yin wasa da kuma yin awoyi tare; a kusa da shi akwai wasu masaukai da gidajen abinci masu kyau inda suke hidimar abincin teku. Kuma kamar kowane gari, yana da nasa bajakolin, wanda aka gudanar a farkon makonnin farko na Afrilu kuma gabaɗaya yayi daidai da Makon Mai Tsarki; Bukukuwanta, masu cike da farin ciki, suna jan hankalin baƙi dubu da yawa waɗanda suka cika tsibirin, suka ƙone ɗakunan da ke akwai kuma suka halarci bukukuwan tare da mazaunan dindindin 1,300.
ASALI DA TARIHI
Waɗannan ƙasashe ba a taɓa warwatse su ba kamar yadda aka yi imani; su Mayans da zuriyarsu koyaushe suna zaune. Dukkanin yankin wani bangare ne na masarautar Ekab, wacce ta faro daga Cabo Catoche zuwa Ascension Bay da tsibirin Holbox, Contoy, Blanca, Mujeres, Cancún da Cozumel nasa ne. Kusa da maraice na ƙarni na 19, tsibirai mafi girma, waɗanda aka killace su daga ruwan da ba za a iya hangowa ba, sun karɓi mutane da yawa da suka tsira daga Yucatán, Bacalar da kewayensu waɗanda suka tsere daga tawayen Mayan ko yaƙin Caste kuma, daga baya, a cikin Janairu 1891 sun kafa Jam'iyar Tsibiri, da shugaban Isla Mujeres kuma wannan ya hada da Holbox. Farawa a cikin 1880, wasu businessan kasuwar Yucatecan sun fara mulkin mallaka a arewacin yankin teku kuma suka kirkiro Compañía Colonizadora de la Costa Oriental da Compañía El Cuyo y Anexas. Wannan aikin da aka yi a zamanin nan (1880-1920), an yi shi ne don faɗaɗa da faɗaɗa yankin Yucatan na noma da gandun daji; A saboda wannan dalili, a farkon karni akwai gonaki da garuruwa kamar Solferino, Moctezuma, Puntatunich, Yalahau, Chiquilá, San José, San Fernando, San Ángel, El Ideal da San Eusebio sugar mill.
A cikin 1902 an kirkiri yankin tarayya na Quintana Roo kuma a waccan lokacin nahiyar tsakanin Isla Mujeres da Holbox ta shagaltu da masu cin cingam, sandar rini, gishiri da dazuzzuka masu tamani. A shekara ta 1910 an tara mutanen jihar zuwa kananan hukumomi takwas wadanda saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki sun kasu zuwa yankuna uku da har yanzu suke ci gaba: arewa, tsakiya da kudu; yankin arewa ya hada da kananan hukumomin Holbox, Cozumel da Isla Mujeres. A wancan lokacin, Holbox shi ne kujerar birni na garuruwa takwas, amma jim kaɗan bayan haka, a cikin 1921, Isla Mujeres ya mamaye ta.
A tsakiyar karni, har yanzu garuruwa suna bakin teku, amma, ban da 'yan kadan, sun fara shan wahala wajen sasantawa da amfani da albarkatu. A cikin 1960 akwai canje-canje na tsari a ƙauyuka kuma mahimmancin Holbox ya ragu, wanda aka nuna a cikin gaskiyar cewa a cikin waɗannan shekarun an rage yawan jama'arta zuwa mazauna 500 kawai. Shekaru goma na saba'in suna da mahimmanci ga Quintana Roo, tunda a wannan lokacin ne lokacin da tsarin yawanta ya canza kuma, a cikin 1974, ta zama ƙasa.
Tuni a matsayin ƙasa, a cikin 1975, an sake tsara manufofin cikin gida: akwai ci gaba sosai kuma daga wakilai huɗu zuwa ƙananan hukumomi bakwai; Isla Mujeres ya kasu uku kuma an kirkiro Lázaro Cárdenas tare da kai a cikin Kantunilkin, wanda yanzu ya haɗa da Holbox. A cikin wannan gundumar da ke galibi a yankunan karkara, garuruwan Holbox, Solferino, Chiquilá, San Ángel da Nuevo Xcan sun yi fice; Tana da garuruwa 264 kuma kaso 93% na filayenta suna da ruwa, daga ciki akwai Holbox ejido, wanda aka kirkira a shekarar 1938. A yankin nahiya da noma da kiwo sun fi yawa, kuma a tsibirin Holbox ayyukan kamun kifi. Holbox a yau yana da mazauna 1,300 kuma yana da babbar dama don haɓaka yawon buɗe ido, wanda har yanzu ba a bayyana shi ba.
Nesa da keɓewa da Holbox ya lulluɓe ya nuna darajar mazaunanta, waɗanda suka rayu kan iyakokin wayewa kuma suka fuskanta cikin tarihinta ba kawai lokacin ƙaranci ba, har ma da fushin guguwa, guguwa da, ¿ me yasa ba?, na abubuwan mutane, sau da yawa mara kyau. Lokaci na ƙarshe na tsohon tsarin amfani da ƙwarewa a yankuna na katakai masu kyau, gumis ko copra, sun ƙare. A yau, waɗannan lokutan lokutan cin ruwa ne da na bakin teku, waɗanda ƙwararrun matasa ke aiwatarwa wanda ke aiki da kyakkyawan fata don makomar sa.
