Yayin da muke tafiya cikin titunan tsakiyar Puebla, za mu iya samun, kamar yadda a cikin sauran biranen mulkin mallaka a Mexico, wasu gine-ginen farar hula tare da wasu abubuwa na ado waɗanda ke jan hankalinmu: muna komawa ga gwanayen, yawanci tare da abubuwan addini.
Wadannan abubuwan haɓaka na birni an rarrabe su da nau'in rami, wanda zai iya ƙare a madaidaiciya ko nuna baka, semicircular, da dai sauransu. An kawata su da kayan adon da zai iya yin bayani dalla-dalla ko kuma mai sauki, kuma a ciki, a kan turmi ko kan dutse, suna da wani mutum-mutumi mai sassaka-musamman hoto na addini na wani waliyi- wanda ke nuna sadaukarwar masu su ko magina.
Niches suna da matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin tsarin mulkin mallaka na Meziko, har ma a cikin gine-ginen zamani. Suna da asalinsu a Spain a cikin ƙarni na goma sha shida, kuma tare da cin nasarar sabuwar duniya ana tura su zuwa waɗannan ƙasashe tare da abubuwa da yawa da kuma salon fasaha na lokacin, waɗanda suka haɗu da fasaha na asali, wanda ya haifar da salo na musamman, wanda aka sani da fasaha. Mulkin mallaka na Meziko.
Bayan da suka karɓi garin Tenochtitlan, Mutanen Espanya sun sami hanya kyauta don faɗaɗa mulkinsu kuma suka sami sababbin biranen; Game da batun Puebla, a cewar Fernández de Echeverría da Veytia, an kafa tushe guda biyu: na farkon su a cikin Barrio de I Alto a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1531, na biyu kuma, a ranar 29 ga Satumba na wannan shekarar a cikin Plaza mafi girma, inda a yau babban cocin Puebla yake.
Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta, wannan birni ya zama muhimmiyar wurin zama ta kasuwanci da masana'antu, har ila yau kasancewarta shugaban babban yankin noma. Dogaro da wasu ƙananan cibiyoyin jama'a - kamar Atlixco, Cholula, Huejotzingo da Tepeaca na ci gaba da kasancewa a yau - ya zama mafi ƙarancin birni a gabashin Mexico City a lokacin da kuma bayan Mulkin Mallaka, musamman saboda dabarunsa wuri tsakanin babban birnin New Spain da babban tashar jirgin ruwa.
Dubban 'yan asalin ƙasar (daga garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da su kamar Tlaxcala, Cholula da Calpan) sun ƙaura zuwa tushenta, waɗanda suka gina gine-gine na ɗan lokaci na katako da adobe don gidaje da hidimomin jama'a har da coci. Kusan a ƙarshen karni na 16, an riga an riga an mamaye kusan tubalan 120 na layin wutar, tare da tsarin rashin daidaituwa game da cibiyar, wanda ya tilasta wa indan asalin asalin barin maƙwabtansu kuma suka koma gefen garin; Koyaya, saboda saurin ci gaban birane, wasu Mutanen Espanya sun sami kansu cikin buƙatar zama a cikin waɗannan unguwannin, wanda ya zama ya zama ɓangare na gari.
Girman biranen Puebla bai kasance daidai ba. A cikin karni na goma sha shida, wanda aka ɗauka azaman lokacin kafawa, an faɗaɗa haɓaka na yau da kullun daga asalin farko, kuma haɓakar ta kasance mai sauƙi da kwanciyar hankali. A gefe guda kuma, a cikin ƙarni na sha bakwai da sha takwas, haɓaka ta haɓaka, ta bunƙasa birni na biyu na son kai, ta fuskar samarwa, al'adu da kasuwanci. A wannan karnin na ƙarshe lokacin da cibiyar Sifen za ta isa yankuna na asali.
A cikin karni na sha tara, ci gaban bai daidaita ba saboda wani ɓangare na annoba da ambaliyar ruwa na ƙarni da suka gabata, har ma da yaƙe-yaƙe da guguwa iri-iri da garin ya sha wahala. Koyaya, yawan fadadarsa ya sake karuwa daga shekaru goma na huɗu na karnin da muke ciki, lokacin da aka gina gine-gine masu yawa na zamani a yawancin tsakiyar garin Puebla. Yana cikin wasu daga cikin waɗannan gine-ginen da suka maye gurbin tsoffin gine-ginen mulkin mallaka inda muke samun mafi yawan gwanayen, suna ceton zane-zane a kan facades kuma haɗa su cikin sabbin wuraren su. Don haka, wannan tsarin gine-ginen ya wuce ɗanɗano na Meziko, yana ba mu damar mu yaba shi har yau.
Bayan Fage
Asalin kayan masarufin na iya kasancewa a farkon karni na 16, lokacin da dukkanin bayyanar fasaha a tsohuwar duniya suka sami wahayi daga addinin Katolika. Ga mutanen wancan lokacin yana da matukar muhimmanci su nuna bautar su ga wasu, kuma hanya daya da za a yi hakan ita ce ta abubuwan da ke fuskokin gidaje. Har ila yau, Renaissance ya fara a wannan lokacin, yana ɗaukar samfura na salon Girka da na Roman, yana bayyana kansa a duk al'amuran al'adu, musamman a sassaka, zane da zane-zane. Abu ne mai yuwuwa cewa ginshiƙan ƙari na bagade na majami'u. A farkon zamu iya ganin wakilcin addini iri biyu: zane da sassaka. Wasu mahimmin masarufi kawai suna da wakilci a cikin babban taimako, ba tare da rami ba, wanda ya maye gurbin zanen bagaden ko alama ta tsakiya iri ɗaya. Koyaya, zamu iya la'akari da cewa suna da ɗabi'a ko ƙimar kansu, sabanin bagade.
Ci gaba
Dangane da maganganun fasaha na niches, wani sabon salo mai cike da fasaha wanda aka kirkira yayin mulkin mallaka ana lura dasu a ciki. A cikin ƙarni na 16, sun gabatar da salo na Gothic, wanda yafi bayyana a cikin dutse, da sassaka da sassaka. A cikin karni na sha bakwai ba a lura da babban canji ba, amma sannu a hankali ana gabatar da salon baroque daga Spain; Mafi kyaun misalai na sassaka an samar da su a ƙarshen wannan karnin, ta amfani da salon bayyana yanayi. Zuwa karni na 18, an sassaka sassaka sassaƙaƙƙun gine-gine, kuma Baroque da ɗan asalin Mexico wanda ake kira Churrigueresque sun shiga mafi girman apogee. A ƙarshen wannan karni ne lokacin da neoclassicism ya taso kuma mafi yawan abubuwan Puebla an kirkiresu.
Bayani
Biyu daga cikin mahimman abubuwa a cikin wannan birni ana iya ganin su a mahadar tsakanin titin 11 Norte da hanyar Reforma, ɗayan manyan hanyoyin shiga cibiyar tarihi. A baya, Reforma Avenue an san shi da suna Guadalupe Street, sunan da aka karɓa daga ginin Cocin na Lady of Guadalupe, a farkon karni na 18. A wannan lokacin akwai wata karamar gada a can wacce ta yi aiki don tsallaka zubarwar idanun na Saint Paul, amma a wajajen 1807 an yanke shawarar canza hanyar ruwan sulphurous kuma an cire shi. A gefen arewa na wannan kusurwa, a cikin ginin da aka gina a cikin 1940s, zamu iya ganin ɗayan kyawawan mahimman abubuwa a cikin birni. Wani wakilci ne na Budurwar Guadalupe da aka yi cikin babban taimako, wanda aka tsara ta ta hanyar wasu pilasters da aka yi wa ado da kyau; Yana da tallafi daga tushe mai gefe biyu wanda Talavera mosaics ya rufe kuma yashafa ta hanyar yaƙi na musamman. Abu ne mai yuwuwa cewa zaɓin wannan hoton ya rinjayi sunan Guadalupe wanda titin yake dashi. A gefen gefen gefen kudu, akasin na baya, a cikin gini daga wannan lokacin, an gina alkuki a ciki wanda aka sanya hoton Babban Mala'ikan Saint Michael, dauke da takobi mai harshen wuta a hannun dama. Budewar yana da kyau a cikin sifa kuma an cika shi da yaƙin pyramidal; dukkan abubuwan an zana su farare, babu kayan ado. A tsaka-tsakin Avenida Manuel Ávila Camacho da Calle 4 Norte, mun haɗu da wasu maɓuɓɓuka tare da salon kama da waɗanda suka gabata. Na farkon yana cikin kusurwar gini mai hawa biyu. wanda facin nasa ya rufe da tubalin da mosaics daga Talavera, sosai a cikin salon Poblano. Niche yana da sauki; Hakanan yana da siffar ogival kuma an zana shi farar fata, ba tare da wani ado ba: babban adadi shi ne hoton San Felipe Neri mai matsakaici.
Manuel Ávila Camacho avenue a baya yana da sunaye biyu: na farko, tun daga watan Janairun 1864, ana kiransa titin Ias Jarcierías, kalma ce ta asalin Girka da ke nufin: “rigging da igiyoyin jirgi”. A Puebla, ana ɗaukar jarciería a cikin ma'anar "cordelería", saboda yawancin kasuwancin wannan kayan kasuwancin da ake da su a cikin birni zuwa farkon karnin da ya gabata. Daga baya, an raɗa wa titin suna City Hall Avenue.
Game da Calle 4 Norte, sunan da ya gabata shi ne Calle de Echeverría, saboda masu gidajen a wannan rukunin a farkon karni na 18 (1703 da 1705) sun ambaci Kyaftin Sebastián de Chavarría (ko Echeverría) da Orcolaga, wanda ya kasance magajin gari a cikin 1705, da kuma ɗan'uwansa Janar Pedro Echeverría y Orcolaga, magajin gari na gari a cikin 1708 da 1722.
Sauran alkuki yana cikin kusurwa na gaba, a cikin tsarin salon neoclassical. Ba kamar ramin halayyar da aka sanya babban adadi ba, a ciki muna ganin hoton Gicciye Mai Tsarki da aka yi cikin babban taimako, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar tarko. Muna iya ganin ado na musamman, kuma a garesu, kawunan zakoki huɗu. A ci gaba akan wannan Calle 4 Norte da kusurwa 8 Oriente, mun sami wani bene mai hawa huɗu da aka gina a tsakiyar wannan karnin, inda akwai babban alkuki mai siffar ogival, wanda wasu pilaster masu haske suka tsara shi, wanda zamu iya godiya da shi sassaka na Saint Louis, Sarkin Faransa; a ƙarƙashin alkuki wakilcin mala'iku biyu suna wasa kayan kida; dukkanin al'amuran sun ƙare a cikin trencated pediment.
Sake kan Calle 4 Norte, amma wannan lokacin a kusurwar Calle 10 Oriente (a da Chihuahua), akwai wani mahimmin gidan mallakar bene mai hawa biyu da aka gina a farkon karni. A matsayin kayan ado, muna yin tunanin sassaka gunkin Budurwar Guadalupe tare da jinjirin Yesu a hannun ta na hagu; bude wurin da aka samo shi yana da siffar kamala, kuma an sake fasalin dukkanin yanayin da sauki.
Ba mu san a halin yanzu waɗanne ne marubutan irin waɗannan kyawawan hotunan ba, amma za mu iya tabbatar da cewa su masu fasaha ne na gaskiya (Mutanen Espanya ko 'yan asalin ƙasar) waɗanda ke zaune a garuruwan da ke makwabtaka da garin Puebla, wurare masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke da fifikon fasaha ta musamman. mulkin mallaka, kamar yadda yake na Atlixco, HuaquechuIa, Huejotzingo da Calpan, da sauransu.
Abubuwan da aka bayyana wasu misalai ne na yawancin abubuwan gine-gine na wannan nau'in waɗanda zamu iya gani a cikin kyakkyawan babban birni na Puebla. Muna fatan cewa kada su kasance ba a lura da su ba kuma su sami kulawar da ta dace a cikin nazarin tarihin zane-zanen mulkin mallaka a Mexico.
Source: Mexico a Lokaci Na 9 Oktoba-Nuwamba 1995
